Salomone (or Salamone) 
                Rossi is one of the very few Jewish 
                professional musicians of the baroque 
                era who was able to explore his talents 
                as a composer. In most countries in 
                Europe many restrictions were imposed 
                upon the Jewish communities which were 
                often forced to live in ghettos. That 
                wasn't any different in Mantua. It was 
                due to Rossi’s close connections to 
                the court of the Gonzagas in Mantua, 
                where he was born and died, that Rossi 
                was given the privilege of going outside 
                the ghetto without having to wear a 
                yellow star. He got experience as a 
                singer and violinist under Monteverdi, 
                who worked in Mantua from 1590 to 1612. 
              
 
              
The good relationship 
                with the Gonzaga court is also reflected 
                by the fact that several of Rossi's 
                publications were dedicated to members 
                of the court: both his book of canzonettas 
                (1589) and the first book with five-part 
                madrigals (1600) were dedicated to Duke 
                Vincenzo of Gonzaga. Rossi's sister 
                also took profit from this connection 
                as she served the court as a singer 
                - known as 'Madama Europa' - making 
                her the only professional Jewish singer 
                of her time. She sang the title role 
                in Monteverdi's now lost opera Arianna. 
              
 
              
This disc contains 
                the complete book of madrigals for four 
                voices, which was published in 1614. 
                Most madrigals in it were probably written 
                around 1600. Indications for this are 
                the writing in four parts - which was 
                out of fashion at the time of publication 
                - and the frequent use of texts by Guarini, 
                most of them from his play 'Il pastor 
                fido', which was very popular at the 
                Mantuan court around 1600. Stylistically 
                they are more connected to the madrigals 
                written in the last decades of the 16th 
                century than to those of the early 17th 
                century, by the likes of Monteverdi. 
                And although this book contains a part 
                for basso continuo, it is not indispensable, 
                as is shown by the fact that several 
                madrigals are performed here with voices 
                only. 
              
 
              
It is difficult for 
                those who don't know Italian to hear 
                in what way Rossi sets words to music, 
                since the booklet doesn't contain a 
                translation of the lyrics. But even 
                so it is possible to enjoy these madrigals, 
                and in some cases the illustration of 
                the text is obvious, like the serenity 
                at the beginning of 'Dolcemente dormiva 
                la mia Clori' or the grievous setting 
                of the first lines of 'Ah dolente partita'. 
              
 
              
In addition to the 
                book of four-part madrigals the ensemble 
                has recorded six arias from the first 
                book of five-part madrigals of 1600. 
                These pieces could be performed either 
                with five voices or with solo voice 
                and basso continuo, which is how they 
                are recorded here. This alternative 
                scorings are an indication that these 
                airs are not full-blown monodies, which 
                were in vogue in the first decades of 
                the 17th century. In comparison with 
                monodies these airs are less dramatic 
                and also less adventurous in regard 
                to harmony. Five of them are again on 
                texts by Guarini. 
              
 
              
The ensemble is giving 
                a fine performance of these madrigals 
                and does them full justice. The singers 
                all have excellent voices, which blend 
                very well. The instruments give modest 
                support in the four-part madrigals, 
                but a more elaborate role in the solo 
                pieces. These are performed well, but 
                the soprano and the tenor are a little 
                too bland and careful, for example in 
                regard to dynamics and ornamentation. 
                The contralto is the most expressive 
                of the three. The disc ends with a madrigal 
                sung by eight voices. I don't understand 
                the reasons for this, but it is quite 
                beautifully sung and provides a pleasing 
                final chord. 
              
 
              
I have really enjoyed 
                this recording, which I also find interesting 
                from a historical point of view. It's 
                a shame, though, that the lyrics are 
                not translated. And a duration of 46 
                minutes is hardly acceptable for a full-price 
                disc. 
              
Johan van Veen