Tientos y Glosas - Iberian Organ and Choral Music from the Golden Age
Diego XARABA (1652-1715)
Tiento lleno segundo tono [4:34]
Manuel Rodrigues COELHO (1555-1635)
5 Versos de Kyrie do 1. Tom* [8:46]
Francisco Correa DE ARAUXO (1584-1654)
Tiento y Discurso de medio registro de dos baxones de octavo tono [6:58]
Manuel Rodrigues COELHO
Ave maris stella [9:23]
Francisco Correa DE ARAUXO
Tiento de medio registro de tiple de octavo tono [6:54]
Tres glosas sobre el Canto llano de Immaculada Concepción [6:21]
Tercero tiento de quarto tono [3:33]
Tiento tercerode sexto tono sobre la primera parte de la Batalla de Morales [8:13]
Martin Neu (organ)
ensemble officium/Wilfried Rombach
rec. 2014, San Hipólito, Córdoba, Spain; St. Peter und Paul, Mössingen,
Germany
Texts and translations included
AUDITE 97.713 [54:48]
Organ music by composers from the Iberian peninsula has
a special place in the repertoire. Its peculiar style and the specific
timbre of the organs for which it was written makes it rather difficult
to be performed on organs in other parts of Europe. This inevitably
has led to this repertoire being less wel-known than that of other countries.
The music included on this disc is presented as being written during
the Golden Age. However, the largest part of the repertoire played here
was written when that era - roughly speaking from 1520 to 1620 - had
come to an end. Moreover, one of the composers, Manuel Rodrigues Coelho,
was Portuguese; in 1580 his country had lost its independence which
was only restored in 1640. Coelho published his Flores de musica
from which the pieces on this disc are taken in 1620. At that time the
country was not in very good shape; it certainly was not enjoying a
golden age. Coelho also did not dedicate his collection to Philip II,
as Martin Neu writes, but to Philip III; his father had died in 1598.
The information in the booklet in regard to the historical context is
not very accurate.
Fortunately the information about the music is more reliable. The main
genre in Iberian keyboard music is that of the tiento. This
is what would be called a ricercar or fantasia outside
Spain, and is characterised by counterpoint and imitation. Many tientos
employ the medio registro, the 'broken keyboard'.
In many organs the keyboard was divided into two halves with different
dispositions. This allowed the composer to write a solo part for one
hand, often including virtuosic figurations, and a polyphonic accompaniment
for the other hand. A good example is the Tiento de medio registro
de tiple de octavo tono by Francisco Correa de Arauxo. He seems
to have been more or less self-educated and acquired his skills by studying
the works of others. He was ordained a priest and worked for many years
as an organist at the collegiate church of S Salvador in Seville. From
1636 to 1640 he held the same position in Jaén Cathedral. In 1640 he
was elected a prebendary of Segovia Cathedral. Here he also died in
poverty. His organ works are collected in one book which was printed
in 1626 and has a clear didactic purpose as the title indicates. This
explains why the pieces are arranged in various stages in order of difficulty.
The Tiento tercero de sexto tono sobre la primera parte de la Batalla
de Morales refers to another popular genre in Spain: the battaglia.
It is an arrangement of a batalla by Morales, the most famous
Spanish composer from the first half of the 16th century. His batalla
is lost and therefore this tiento by Arauxo is the only way
to get some impression of what that piece may have sounded like. The
closing episode includes some typical features of batallas: repeated
fanfare motifs and echo effects. The Tiento de dos baxones de octavo
tono is another brilliant piece with two independent bass parts.
As Spanish organs usually didn't have a pedalboard these parts
are played on the manuals. The Tiento lleno segundo tono is
a late specimen of the genre of the tiento. It has come down
to us anonymously but is attributed to Diego Xaraba for stylistic reasons.
He was organist at the Royal Chapel in Madrid.
Another important genre is that of the glosas. These are not
fundamentally different from diferencias, or - in other languages
- divisions, diminutions or passaggi which
were frequently written in England and Italy during the late 16th and
early 17th centuries. The Tres Glosas sobre el Canto llano de la
Immaculada Concepción is one of the best-known compositions by
Arauxo and appears in many recordings of Iberian organ music. However,
the Hymn to the Virgin Mary which is the subject of these variations
is hardly ever sung. It is very nice that here the variations are embraced
by a vocal performance of this hymn.
The third genre represented here is liturgical music. In the Catholic
liturgy the organ played an important role in alternatim compositions:
the verses of the mass or another liturgical chant were performed alternately
by the choir and the organ. Here we hear two examples from the only
published collection of keyboard music by Coelho, Flores de musica.
It is the earliest surviving keyboard music printed in Portugal. According
to the title the music is conceived for a keyboard instrument or the
harp. It contains 24 tentos (Portuguese for tientos),
three for every tone, and also over a hundred verses on various hymns
and Kyrie settings. A specimen of the latter are the 5 Versos de
Kyrie do 1. tom. The hymn Ave maris stella is also performed
alternatim: the organ plays four verses with the cantus
firmus moving from soprano to bass.
This disc offers a good survey of the keyboard music written on the
Iberian peninsula during the 17th century. The value of this disc is
enhanced by the fact that Martin Neu in his choice of repertoire has
largely avoided the most obvious. Although Arauxo's music is
often played, the pieces recorded here are not among the most frequently
recorded, except the Glosas. Coelho's oeuvre is far
less known. The collaboration with the ensemble officium in the liturgical
pieces is another real bonus. On top of that Neu plays a magnificent
organ, one of Spain's larger instruments with two manuals and
35 stops. The tuning is 1/5 comma meantone, the pitch is a=430 Hz. It
dates from 1735 and was restored and partly reconstructed in 2006/2007.
It proves itself the ideal medium for the music played here.
Johan van Veen
www.musica-dei-donum.org
twitter.com/johanvanveen
Footnote
Martin Neu has commented on a couple
of points made in the review:
1) King Philip III of Spain was
simultaneously King Philip II of Portugal (and of Sicily and Naples, and
of Sardinia). As Coelho was Portuguese he dedicated his collection of
keyboard works to 'his' King, which explains the reference to Philip II
in the liner-notes
2) The 'golden age' (siglo de oro) is a fixed term
for a period on the Iberian peninsula. That doesn't imply that it was a
time of happiness and prosperity for the people. That is also not
suggested in the liner-notes.
