Jehan de LESCUREL (b. late 13th Century) Songé .I. Songe
Chansons and Dit Enté «Gracïeux temps»
Ensemble Syntagma [Mami Irisawa, Zsuzsanna Thot, Akira Tachilawa, Giovanni
Cantarini (singers); Christophe Deslignes (organetto); Atsushi Moriya (recorder);
Sophia Danilevski (fiddle); Jérôme Salomon (percussion); Joël Fosse, Emilia
Danilevski (narrators)]/Alexandre Danilevski (lute and direction)
rec. Église Sainte Brigitte, Plappeville, France, December 2013. DDD
155p soft-cover book and CD. Includes texts in Old French with Modern French,
English and German translations. Detailed notes in French and English.
EDITION FACSIMILE FME-1401 [70:26]
First an apology. I received this book and CD several months
ago, noted that there didn’t seem then to be an outlet on disc or as a download
in the UK or US, and decided to put it in a safe place until I could add a
purchase link. The inevitable result was that I forgot all about it until
I received an email from Syntagma gently reminding me – and even then I forgot
that I had it at first. Even as an undergraduate my memory was highly selective:
50+ years on it certainly hasn’t got any better. Having apologised to Syntagma,
I also owe an apology to the select group of readers – perhaps not so select
– to whom this music will appeal.
There has been a good deal of recent discussion on the MusicWeb International
Message Board about what readers expect us to write about. Unsurprisingly,
not everyone is looking for the same thing but there seems to be agreement
that readers like to be given some idea of what unfamiliar music sounds like,
not always the easiest thing to do when we can’t point you to samples.
I’ve already said that it will be a select group to whom this recording will
appeal but the general listener will find much to enjoy, too. To give some
points of reference which may be meaningful: Jehan’s music is not as charismatic
and ethereal as that of Hildegard of Bingen or as immediately appealing as
the late-medieval dances which ‘Thoinet Arbeau’ collected as Orchésographie,
nor does it stand as clearly in the line of development of polyphony as the
music of Machaut. Those are all negatives, so I’ll try to modify them with
some positive descriptions of individual pieces below.
Jehan or Jeannot de Lescurel or l’Escurel is something of a mystery person:
even the very detailed notes by Emilia Danilevski in the book which accompanies
the CD cast little light on his dates other than to challenge the old idea
that our composer was the young cleric of the same name who was hanged in
1304. The only firm date is that of the manuscript (Paris BN f.fr. 146) dated
1316 or 1317.
John Milsom in the usually reliable Oxford Companion to Music repeats
the old assertion that Lescurel was hanged for debauchery. We tend too readily
to think of medieval creative artists as dissolute, like Villon – and even
he may not have been as bad as he was painted, for example by Rabelais. The
‘I’ of Villon’s Testament and Ballade des Pendus may well best
be interpreted as a persona rather than the truth1; there’s
no reason to believe that he was expecting a personal outcome in the Ballade:
Si freres vous clamons, pas n’en devez / Avoir desdain, quoi que fusmes
occis / Par justice. [If we [hanged men] call you brothers, do not take
offence even though we were justly put to death.]
More importantly the Oxford Companion describes the handful of works
attributable to Lescurel as ‘show[ing] him to be, with Adam de la Halle, one
of the most important precursors of Machaut.’
Both the CD and the booklet are of great value for anyone interested in the
development of medieval music and poetry. Neither de la Halle nor Lescurel
is over-represented in the catalogue, but the former has two complete recordings
to his name, both of Le Jeu de Robin et de Marion (Tonus Peregrinus
on Naxos and Ensemble Perceval, on Arion). The new recording from Ensemble
Syntagma at last brings Lescurel level – a second recording to add to the
earlier CD of ballades, virelais and rondeaux entitled Fontaine de Grace
(Ensemble Gilles Binchois, Virgin, now part of a budget-price 2-CD set: 3499732).
Inevitably there are a few overlaps between the two recordings:
- Comment que, pour l’eloignance
- Amours, que vous ai meffait
- Bonne amour me rent
- De gracieuse dame amer
- Belle, com loiaus amans
These are all short pieces totalling a fraction of each album, and the principal
raison d’être of the Syntagma recording is the inclusion of the complete
Dit: Gracïeus Temps est. It’s quite a long work, a setting of 28
stanzas or strophes, around half an hour, and it’s included here in three
segments. A Dit, literally a saying or tale, ostensibly tells a story
but there is usually more to it than that: the best-known of the genre, Machaut’s
Le Voir Dit, Dit du Lion and Dit de la Fontaine Amoureuse,
combine elements of Courtly Love with satirical comment on society.
Jehan’s Dit, too, speaks the language of Courtly Love: it’s a dream
vision in which the dreamer falls asleep in a locus amœnus, a beautiful
spot in Springtime where he dreams of meeting with some handsome young couples
and of going off to the woods, each with the lady of his heart, only to wake
and find her gone. He searches everywhere until he finds the lady but is
rebuffed by her twice; the second time she adds that she is happily married.
The dream vision provides the overall title of this recording: Songé .i.
Songe – ‘[Je] songeai un songe: I dreamed a dream’.
There are several of the tropes of Courtly Love or fin amour here –
the Springtime setting of the opening of Le Roman de la Rose and the
lady’s disdain of her would-be lover – but the lady is not finally won into
an adulterous affair as Guinevere is by Lancelot in the best-known example
of the genre. Even Lunete in Chrétien’s Le Chevalier au Lion gives
in (twice) to Yvain, though he has killed her husband, albeit in self-defence.
If anything Jehan’s Dit is ultimately a condemnation of fin amour:
Courtois sunt au commencement, / Puis plains de faus apensement / Pur telle
gent qui fauce et ment / L’en dit que j’aim faucement [They are all courteous
at first, then full of evil intentions. Because of these people who are false
and lie it is said that my love is false] 2
Instead of the walled Garden of Love depicted in Le Roman de la Rose,
where the dreamer’s coupling with the Rose, the object of his love, is depicted
allegorically – after almost 22,000 lines the dreamer plucks the rose and
immediately wakes – Jehan’s dream is a bit more X-rated: the encounter takes
place in the country, as in a pastourelle or the later poetry of Ronsard,
and they go off to the woods together.
Apart from an attempt to provide ‘atmosphere’ with the sounds of the beautiful
setting and, on track 12, the breaking of the relationship, I couldn’t wish
for a better performance. The main story is told in a kind of medieval Spechstimme
over a light instrumental background – an object lesson in the pronunciation
of French c.1300 – with refrains sung by male and female vocalists. I’ve
said that nothing here is quite as hauntingly beautiful as the music of Hildegard,
but if you like, say, the best-selling Gothic Voices recording of her music
(A Feather on the Breath of God, CDA66039),
I think you will enjoy this, too. If the clarity of Emma Kirkby’s voice on
that recording appeals, it’s well matched by the singing here.
Three of the shorter items are recorded in instrumental form: the first of
these, Amour voulés-vous acordez, has been recorded in vocal form by
Alla Francesca on an album of music by de la Halle, Lescurel, Machaut and
Dufay associated with the dream-vision poem Le Roman de la Rose (Naïve/Opus
111 OP30303, sample/stream/download only from classicsonlinehd.com
or Qobuz). Effectively, as performed by Syntagma in elaborated instrumental
form, it emerges as a different work, more reminiscent of the trouvères
who preceded than of those who followed: it’s a hauntingly beautiful piece
yet there’s an attractive tinge of wistfulness and melancholy, too, also to
be found in many of the other chansons and well evoked here. The second
piece, Comment que, pour eloignance, portrays the recurrent courtly
theme of the lover’s sorrow that he is so far away from his beloved and his
anxiety about whether he still loves him.
Similar themes pervade most of these chansons, some performed by male
voices, some by female and some as duets. All the singers make the music
attractive without trying too hard to ‘sell’ it to a modern audience. Most
listeners will find that the inclusion of very light instrumental accompaniment
also helps. Some specialists insist on performing vocal music of this period
without instrumentation but I doubt if even purists would complain about what
is on offer here: the Binchois Ensemble recording was praised for moderation,
yet even there bagpipes and a shawm are employed. Even the chief exponent
of non-instrumental singing, Christopher Page, allowed modest accompaniment
on some of the wonderful recordings which his Gothic Voices made for Hyperion
3, all now even more tempting at budget price – here.
I’m not even going to try to compare Syntagma with the Binchois Ensemble:
both are very good indeed. The new recording is invaluable for specialists,
as are the other works on the older recording which are not duplicated here,
so both are well worth obtaining. Ensemble Syntagma, not to be confused with
Syntagma Musicum and Syntagma Amici, have received accolades on MusicWeb International
before (Challenge Classics CC72190: Recording of the Month –
review; Challenge Classics CC72195 – review
– review)
and the new release is no exception. Syntagma means something well-ordered
or arranged in Greek and they are certainly that, but much more. I plan to
review those two Challenge Classics recordings and their other back catalogue
for various labels in a forthcoming edition of Download News.
The CD represents only half the value of this release. Very generously Syntagma
have made a large portion – 40 pages, about a quarter – of the lavishly presented
book, available to turn the pages online and judge for yourself – here.
The general reader may get a little lost in the book: it would be best to
find out some of the basics about Courtly Love and particularly Le Roman
de la Rose first – see note 2 below – but you don’t need to take it in
all at one, with plenty to come back to another time. Even though it’s one
of ‘my’ periods of English and French poetry, I got lost in the details at
times in Emilia Danilevksi’s scholarly presentation, itself worth the price
of the release and worthy of a doctoral dissertation. Unfortunately she is
unable to shed light on the oft-repeated phrase about the distance from Paris
to Pavie (Pavia) or the comparison between the two, which occurs in Jehan’s
Dit, Le Roman de la Rose and elsewhere. The Middle English
translator of Roman de la Rose – possibly Chaucer, since the phrase
occurs in the A section which many scholars attribute to him – could think
of no English equivalent, so translated literally.
It really is nit-picking to mention that Papeleradie, one of the allegorical
figures depicted in Roman de la Rose, means religious hypocrisy, a
medieval Tartuffe, rather than veneration of the Pope as stated (pp.31, 150).4
Likewise, Shakespeare’s As You Like It is set in the Forest of Arden,
which lies just outside his native Stratford, a ‘forest’ in the same sense
as the New Forest (Latin foresta, an outdoor place) rather than the
Ardennes. The point about the flexibility of supposed settings is, however,
quite valid and the note may in any case have been added by the translator,
as it isn’t in the French original. (p.131).
The translation is generally both accurate and idiomatic, though occasionally
the translator seems not fully to grasp the original and resorts to literal
translation. The Latin writer of the commentary on Scipio’s dream Somnium
Scipionis, is known in English as Macrobius not Macrobe
(p.120).
These are all very minor points, made more to show that I have been paying
attention than for any other reason. They should in no way be taken as serious
reservations in recommending this book and CD. It really is a de-luxe presentation
and though it can be obtained in the UK only at a somewhat higher price than
I understand Syntagma have set, it definitely is worth the money.
Only the likely limited appeal of this enterprise prevented me from making
this a Recording of the Month.
***
1 The ‘autobiographical’ passage added to the
C text of Langland’s Piers Plowman should similarly be viewed with
caution.
2 I don’t want to get into too much detail here about the fine
points of Courtly Love. It’s better that I reserve consideration for an article
on fin amours in music. English readers who are interested in the
topic should read C.S. Lewis’s The Allegory of Love (Oxford University
Press). The book appears to be out of print but you should find a second-hand
hard- or paperback copy; there’s even a Kindle version. The editions of Roman
de la Rose by Lecoy and Poirion are hard to come by in the UK but portions
are available online and Frances Horgan’s translation is available as an Oxford
World’s Classics paperback.
3 From Jehan de Lescurel’s treatment of the Courtly Love theme,
you may wish to progress to Gothic Voices’ presentation of what a later period
made of this theme in two budget-price reissues: The Garden of Zephirus
(CDH55289:
Bargain of the Month – review)
and The Castle of Fair Welcome, (CDH55274:
Bargain of the Month – review).
4 Une ymage ot emprès escrite, / Qui sembloit bien estre ypocrite;
/ Papelardie ert apelée. (405-407). The Middle English translation (by
Chaucer?): Another thing was don there write / That semede lyk an ipokrite
/ and it was clepid [called] Poope-Holy. (413-415)
Brian Wilson
Details:
Amours, voulés-vous accordez (instrumental) [4:58]
Comment que, pour l’eloignance [2:53]
Bien se pëust apercevoir [4:44]
Dame gracïeuse et belle (instrumental) [4:45]
Amours, que vous ai meffait [5:38]
Bonne amour me rent [1:51]
De gracieuse dame amer [5:36]
Dit Gracïeus temps 1-8 [10:38]
Diex, quand la verrai (instrumental) [2:24]
Dit Gracïeus temps 9-21 [11:39]
Belle, com loiaus amans [4:09]
Dit Gracïeus temps 22-28 [7:35]
Belle et noble [3:37]
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