The late 16th
century saw the birth of music specifically composed for string
and wind instruments. Of course instrumental music was played
before that, but mostly dance music or instrumental arrangements
of vocal music. And as this kind of music was largely improvised
very few of these arrangements were ever written down. As
a result players of renaissance instruments have to look into
collections of vocal music to find suitable repertoire. That
is what the American ensemble Ciaramella has done. The music
on this disc is taken from German sources of the 15th and
16th centuries. Some items are performed with voices and instruments.
In those days
instruments were divided into two groups, the 'alta' and the
'bassa' families. The term 'alta' refers to loud instruments,
like shawm, trumpet and sackbut, the 'bassa' instruments were
stringed and plucked, harps and psalteries, but also recorders.
On this disc we hear mostly the loud instruments, and some
items are played with a consort of recorders. In addition
a number of organ intavolations are played, which are taken
from two important collections of organ transcriptions: the
'Buxheimer Orgelbuch' and the 'Orgeltabulatur' by Leonhard
Kleber.
The pieces on
the programme show a wide variety of techniques of composition,
transcription and arrangement. It opens with a piece in 3
parts, with two equal upper parts turning around each other
over a slowly progressing tenor part. Next are three versions
of Guillaume Dufay's famous chanson Se la face ay pale. The
original version is preceded and followed by two organ arrangements
from the Buxheimer Orgelbuch.
Often manuscripts
from the renaissance contain pieces without a text. That doesn't
necessarily mean they were intended for instrumental performance.
Stylistically there is little difference between such pieces
and compositions with text, as the textless piece here shows
when compared to the next piece, 'Gaude, virgo' (tracks 5
and 6). Sometimes it is difficult to identify a piece. It
is not unheard of that a title is corrupted.
An important aspect
of renaissance music is the close connection between secular
and sacred music. There wasn't a watershed between those two
categories: sometimes a sacred and a secular text were sung
at the same time; sometimes the secular text was replaced
by a sacred text. An example of this is track 7: the erotic
text 'Wer ich eyn falck' is replaced by the religious 'Invicti
regi jubilo'. The change from secular to sacred wasn't always
only a matter of text: in this case the rhythm has changed
considerably, which makes the sacred version much more solemn.
Some sacred pieces are also changed, under the influence of
the Reformation. 'Sancta Maria wohn uns bei' (track 17) is
better known as 'Gott der Vater wohn uns bei', a German Lutheran
hymn attributed to Martin Luther. But he used the existing
melody and only changed those elements in the text which refer
to the Virgin Mary.
Only when musicians
have a thorough knowledge of the way music was performed in
a certain period in music history can they perform it with
a certain amount of freedom. That is certainly the case here,
as the musicians of Ciaramella aren't afraid of adding parts
to what they have found in manuscripts. This could give some
impression of the improvisatory skills the players in the
renaissance must have had. All the musicians are excellent
players and the gorgeous sound of the wind instruments has
been well recorded. The singers do a good job as well, even
though their German pronunciation is by no means perfect.
This disc offers a
fascinating overview of the repertoire played at festive occasions
in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is a worthy tribute to the
many - mostly anonymous - players who were delighting their audiences
with their impressive skills and fine musicianship. And that is
just what the members of Ciaramella do today.
Johan van Veen
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