Rimsky-Korsakov (1844-1908) - Scheherazade
At first,
Rimsky-Korsakov was strictly an amateur composer, with little formal training.
Nevertheless, in 1871 his reputation for “ultra modern”(?) music brought
an offer of the Professorship in Practical composition at St. Petersburg
Conservatoire. He claimed that, at the time, he “could not harmonise a
chorale, had never done any exercises in counterpoint, had no idea of strict
fugue, and could not even name the chords and intervals.” More significantly,
he knew little of instrumental techniques and capabilities. Still, he accepted,
bluffing his way through, teaching himself one step ahead of his students,
eventually becoming acknowledged as the finest composition teacher Russia
had ever produced.
Composer
of symphonies, choral music, songs, piano works, editions of Mussorgsky,
Borodin and folk-songs, his main claim to fame lay in his 15 operas and
numerous orchestral pieces, where his vivid imagination, often fuelled
by the exotic experiences of his naval career, could roam free. Scheherazade's
specific inspiration was The Tales of the Arabian Nights. The scenario,
inscribed on the score, concerns the mighty and misogynous Sultan Sharyar
who enjoyed his nuptial pleasures without the risk of acquiring a life-long
nag by the politically-incorrect (but temptingly convenient?) expedient
of having each wife executed the morning after. However, Scheherazade enchanted
him with wondrous tales, each of which she craftily left unfinished at
the night's end (rather like the old Saturday matinee “cliff-hangers”).
Left gagging for more, Sharyar repeatedly had to stay the execution, finally
admitting defeat.
Rimsky
remains the Master Magician of orchestration, surpassing even Wagner and
Berlioz (whose Treatise on Orchestration taught him the art). His
best work is utterly unrivalled in the quality of its scoring - entrancing
sounds conjured by the very simplest of means. The music of
Scheherazade
is like a magic carpet: it can transport you to another world. However,
half the fun of watching a conjuror is trying to guess the trick, so let's
dig under just a little. He originally called the movements
Prelude,
Ballade, Adagio, and Finale, but felt that it didn't
qualify as a “symphony” because of its programmatic nature (more detailed
than Tchaikovsky's Hamlet, though he still intended “these hints
to direct but slightly the hearer's fancy”) and lack of strict formality
(all movements being merely variational). Considering some of the
“symphonies” written since, this was commendable modesty, particularly
as symphonic processes, albeit unusual ones, are evident. Far from just
scoring “for the moment”, he orchestrates strategically, making
Scheherazade
exceptional even for him. In particular, percussion (he often warned students
against profligacy with percussion) are introduced gradually: (1) Tympani
only, adding in (2) cymbals and triangle, (3) snare drum and tambourine,
(4) bass drum and tamtam. There is also a ground-plan governing the varied
use of instrumental “attack”.
The
Sea and Sinbad's Ship (Largo e Maestoso - Allegro non troppo) Two memorable
mottos represent the protagonists: “Sharyar”, majestic and fearsome on
bass strings and heavy brass, and “Scheherazade”, sinuously seductive on
solo violin over harp arpeggios. The movement alternates three climactic
passages predominantly scored for strings and brass, casting “Sharyar”
in the role of Sinbad, with three calm twilit episodes featuring both mottos.
The scoring of the two interstitial episodes, otherwise practically identical,
is breathtaking in its simple ingenuity: in the second episode the solo
'cello swaps places with the horn, likewise clarinet with flute, while
oboe and solo violin stay put.
The
Tale of the Kalendar Prince (Lento - Andante) The Kalendars were wandering
beggars, for some superstitious reason fêted as royalty. The movement
is a ternary form (ABA) regarding deployment of themes, but otherwise a
kaleidoscope of increasingly colourful variations, making atmospheric use
of string tremolandos and “thrummings”, and characteristically “pricking”
textures with sharper sounds. “Scheherazade” weaves her spell to introduce
the A theme - half dancing, half declamatory - on the only woodwind not
yet heard solo: the bassoon (resolving a sort of “dissonance””). The B
theme is based on “Sharyar”, first heard plucked deep in the basses, then
in fierce growls and brassy fanfares. A bold march gradually emerges, bracketed
by two cadenzas on the declamatory part of A. The first is for clarinet,
the second (on bassoon) initiates the final section, containing the most
exquisite scoring of the entire work. “Sharyar” reappears, low down, generating
a huge crescendo to a knockout close.
The
Young Prince and Princess (Andantino quasi Allegretto) Invent a story
of young love, if you wish - Rimsky provided scant clues: the sumptuous
main theme (flowing strings) he identified with the Prince, a brief counter-subject
(rippling clarinet) with the Princess, and at the central allegretto he
suggested, “They carry the Princess on a palanquin”. Again, this is a “ternary/variations”
form. The first section rings the changes on string textures tinted by
added wind, with contrasting solo woodwind timbres. The allegretto, one
of those wonderful oriental dances, is just an upbeat variation of the
same material, where the snare-drum part is played on more than the snare-drum.
A resounding trumpet-led rubato reinstates tempo primo for a rhapsodic
closing section where solo instruments predominate, and “Scheherazade”
embroiders the tale. The codetta is particularly captivating, woodwind
swirl over string pizzicati and scintillating percussion: what images that
conjures!
Festival
at Baghdad - The Sea - Shipwreck on a Rock surmounted by a Bronze Warrior
- Conclusion (Allegro molto) The orchestration reaches
a peak of virtuosity, inevitably with less subtlety as the big guns are
drawn to blast huge splashes of poster-colour. Paralleling the work's
beginning, the introduction finds “Sharyar” now gruffly impatient (grabbing
first whack on the bass drum), and “Scheherazade” correspondingly more
animated. The Festival is, loosely, a “rondo/variations”: AB[AC]ABA, where
[C], developing the Kalendar fanfare, hijacks the second [A]'s climax.
The first and third occurrences of [A], a skittering dance, whip up a blaze
of crackling trumpets and booming tuttis - these last based on the the
Kalendar Prince's bassoon tune. [B] is the “palanquin” allegretto, liquidly
re-scored. The final [A] builds manically, trumpets triple-tonguing like
mad, only for the scene to cut cinematographically to Sinbad's storm-tossed
ship, which shudders (theme stuttering in basses) and breaks (tamtam!).
In the stunned calm one recognises, through the thematic identity, that
this symbolises Sharyar's rising passion for his enchantress and cataclysmic
acquiescence to the superiority of woman (or at least this particular
woman). “Sharyar” and “Scheherazade” finally make sweet music together.
Rimsky-Korsakov
was one of my first loves in music. My original LP of Scheherazade
was played until it disintegrated, but thirty-five years on the music,
now more robustly preserved on CD, still unfailingly evokes the same fantastic
images: a wonderful palliative against the stresses of modern life.
.
© Paul Serotsky
29, Carr Street,
Kamo,
Whangarei 0101,
Northland,
New Zealand
Conditions
for use apply. Details here
Copyright in these notes is retained by the author without whose prior written permission they may not be used, reproduced, or kept in any form of data storage system. Permission for use will generally be granted on application, free of charge subject to the conditions that (a) the author is duly credited, and (b) a donation is made to a charity of the author's choice.
Return to:
Music
on the Web